Original Source: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2019/08/testing-framework-minimalism-software-architecture/

Testing Made Easier Via Framework Minimalism And Software Architecture

Testing Made Easier Via Framework Minimalism And Software Architecture

Ryan Kay

2019-08-22T13:00:59+02:00
2019-08-22T16:35:57+00:00

Like many other Android developers, my initial foray into testing on the platform lead me to be immediately confronted with a demoralizing degree of jargon. Further, what few examples I came across at the time (circa 2015) did not present practical use cases which may have inclined me to think that the cost to benefit ratio of learning a tool like Espresso in order to verify that a TextView.setText(…) was working properly, was a reasonable investment.

To make matters even worse, I did not have a working understanding of software architecture in theory or practice, which meant that even if I bothered to learn these frameworks, I would have been writing tests for monolithic applications comprised of a few god classes, written in spaghetti code. The punchline is that building, testing, and maintaining such applications is an exercise in self-sabotage quite regardless of your framework expertise; yet this realization only becomes clear after one has built a modular, loosely-coupled, and highly-cohesive application.

From here we arrive at one of the main points of discussion in this article, which I will summarize in plain language here: Among the primary benefits of applying the golden principles of software architecture (do not worry, I will discuss them with simple examples and language), is that your code can become easier to test. There are other benefits to applying such principles, but the relationship between software architecture and testing is the focus of this article.

However, for the sake of those who wish to understand why and how we test our code, we will first explore the concept of testing by analogy; without requiring you to memorize any jargon. Before getting deeper into the primary topic, we will also look at the question of why so many testing frameworks exist, for in examining this we may begin to see their benefits, limitations, and perhaps even an alternative solution.

Testing: Why And How

This section will not be new information for any seasoned tester, but perhaps you may enjoy this analogy nonetheless. Of course I am a software engineer, not a rocket engineer, but for a moment I will borrow an analogy which relates to designing and building objects both in physical space, and in the memory space of a computer. It turns out that while the medium changes, the process is in principle quite the same.

Suppose for a moment that we are rocket engineers, and our job is to build the first stage* rocket booster of a space shuttle. Suppose as well, that we have come up with a serviceable design for the first stage to begin building and testing in various conditions.

“First stage” refers to boosters which are fired when the rocket is first launched

Before we get to the process, I would like to point out why I prefer this analogy: You should not have any difficulty answering the question of why we are bothering to test our design before putting it in situations where human lives are at stake. While I will not try to convince you that testing your applications before launch could save lives (although it is possible depending on the nature of the application), it could save ratings, reviews, and your job. In the broadest sense, testing is the way in which we make sure that single parts, several components, and whole systems work before we employ them in situations where it is critically important for them to not fail.

Returning to the how aspect of this analogy, I will introduce the process by which engineers go about testing a particular design: redundancy. Redundancy is simple in principle: Build copies of the component to be tested to the same design specification as what you wish to use at launch time. Test these copies in an isolated environment which strictly controls for preconditions and variables. While this does not guarantee that the rocket booster will work properly when integrated in the whole shuttle, one can be certain that if it does not work in a controlled environment, it will be very unlikely to work at all.

Suppose that of the hundreds, or perhaps thousands of variables which the copies of the rocket design have been tested against, it comes down to ambient temperatures in which the rocket booster will be test fired. Upon testing at 35° Celsius, we see that everything functions without error. Again, the rocket is tested at roughly room temperature without failure. The final test will be at the lowest recorded temperature for the launch site, at -5° Celcius. During this final test, the rocket fires, but after a short period, the rocket flares up and shortly thereafter explodes violently; but fortunately in a controlled and safe environment.

At this point, we know that changes in temperature appear to be at least involved in the failed test, which leads us to consider what parts of the rocket booster may be adversely effected by cold temperatures. Over time, it is discovered that one key component, a rubber O-ring which serves to staunch the flow of fuel from one compartment to another, becomes rigid and ineffectual when exposed to temperatures approaching or below freezing.

It is possible that you have noticed that his analogy is loosely based on the tragic events of the Challenger space shuttle disaster. For those unfamiliar, the sad truth (insofar as investigations concluded) is that there were plenty of failed tests and warnings from the engineers, and yet administrative and political concerns spurred the launch to proceed regardless. In any case, whether or not you have memorized the term redundancy, my hope is that you have grasped the fundamental process for testing parts of any kind of system.

Concerning Software

Whereas the prior analogy explained the fundamental process for testing rockets (while taking plenty of liberty with the finer details), I will now summarize in a manner which is likely more relevant to you and I. While it is possible to test software by only launching it to devices once it is in any sort of deployable state, I suppose instead that we can apply the principle of redundancy to the individual parts of the application first.

This means that we create copies of the smaller parts of the whole application (commonly referred to as Units of software), set up an isolated test environment, and see how they behave based on whatever variables, arguments, events, and responses which may occur at runtime. Testing is truly as simple as that in theory, but the key to even getting to this process lies in building applications which are feasibly testable. This comes down to two concerns which we will look at in the next two sections. The first concern has to do with the test environment, and the second concern has to do with the way in which we structure applications.

Why Do We Need Frameworks?

In order to test a piece of software (henceforth referred to as a Unit, although this definition is deliberately an over-simplification), it is necessary to have some kind of testing environment which allows you to interact with your software at runtime. For those building applications to be executed purely on a JVM (Java Virtual Machine) environment, all that is required to write tests is a JRE (Java Runtime Environment). Take for example this very simple Calculator class:

class Calculator {
private int add(int a, int b){
return a + b;
}

private int subtract(int a, int b){
return a – b;
}
}

In absence of any frameworks, as long as we have a test class which contains a mainfunction to actually execute our code, we can test it. As you may recall, the main function denotes the starting point of execution for a simple Java program. As for what we are testing for, we simply feed some test data into the Calculator’s functions and verify that it is performing basic arithmetic properly:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args){
//create a copy of the Unit to be tested
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
//create test conditions to verify behaviour
int addTest = calc.add(2, 2);
int subtractTest = calc.subtract(2, 2);

//verify behaviour by assertion
if (addTest == 4) System.out.println(“addTest has passed.”);
else System.out.println(“addTest has failed.”);

if (subtractTest == 0) System.out.println(“subtractTest has passed.”);
else System.out.println(“subtractTest has failed.”);
}
}

Testing an Android application is of course, a completely different procedure. Although there is a main function buried deep within the source of the ZygoteInit.java file (the finer details of which are not important here), which is invoked prior to an Android application being launched on the JVM, even a junior Android developer ought to know that the system itself is responsible for calling this function; not the developer. Instead, the entry points for Android applications happen to be the Application class, and any Activity classes which the system can be pointed to via the AndroidManifest.xml file.

All of this is just a lead up to the fact that testing Units in an Android application presents a greater level of complexity, strictly because our testing environment must now account for the Android platform.

Taming The Problem Of Tight Coupling

Tight coupling is a term which describes a function, class, or application module which is dependent on particular platforms, frameworks, languages, and libraries. It is a relative term, meaning that our Calculator.java example is tightly coupled to the Java programming language and standard library, but that is the extent of its coupling. Along the same lines, the problem of testing classes which are tightly coupled to the Android platform, is that you must find a way to work with or around the platform.

For classes tightly coupled to the Android platform, you have two options. The first, is to simply deploy your classes to an Android device (physical or virtual). While I do suggest that you test deploy your application code before shipping it to production, this is a highly inefficient approach during the early and middle stages of the development process with respect to time.

A Unit, however technical a definition you prefer, is generally thought of as a single function in a class (although some expand the definition to include subsequent helper functions which are called internally by the initial single function call). Either way, Units are meant to be small; building, compiling, and deploying an entire application to test a single Unit is to miss the point of testing in isolation entirely.

Another solution to the problem of tight coupling, is to use testing frameworks to interact with, or mock (simulate) platform dependencies. Frameworks such as Espresso and Robolectric give developers far more effective means for testing Units than the previous approach; the former being useful for tests run on a device (known as “instrumented tests” because apparently calling them device tests was not ambiguous enough) and the latter being capable of mocking the Android framework locally on a JVM.

Before I proceed to railing against such frameworks instead of the alternative I will discuss shortly, I want to be clear that I do not mean to imply that you should never use these options. The process which a developer uses to build and test their applications should be born of a combination of personal preference and an eye for efficiency.

For those who are not fond of building modular and loosely coupled applications, you will have no choice but to become familiar with these frameworks if you wish to have an adequate level of test coverage. Many wonderful applications have been built this way, and I am not infrequently accused of making my applications too modular and abstract. Whether you take my approach or decide to lean heavily on frameworks, I salute you for putting in the time and effort to test your applications.

Keep Your Frameworks At Arms Length

For the final preamble to the core lesson of this article, it is worth discussing why you might want to have an attitude of minimalism when it comes to using frameworks (and this applies to more than just testing frameworks). The subtitle above is a paraphrase from the magnanimous teacher of software best practices: Robert “Uncle Bob” C. Martin. Of the many gems he has given me since I first studied his works, this one took several years of direct experience to grasp.

Insofar As I understand what this statement is about, the cost of using frameworks is in the time investment required to learn and maintain them. Some of them change quite frequently and some of them do not change frequently enough. Functions become deprecated, frameworks cease to be maintained, and every 6-24 months a new framework arrives to supplant the last. Therefore, if you can find a solution which can be implemented as a platform or language feature (which tend to last much longer), it will tend to be more resistant to changes of the various types mentioned above.

On a more technical note, frameworks such as Espresso and to a lesser degree Robolectric, can never run as efficiently as simple JUnit tests, or even the framework free test from earlier on. While JUnit is indeed a framework, it is tightly coupled to the JVM, which tends to change at a much slower rate than the Android platform proper. Fewer frameworks almost invariably means code which is more efficient in terms of the time it takes to execute and write one or more tests.

From this, you can probably gather that we will now be discussing an approach which will leverage some techniques which allows us to keep the Android platform at arms length; all the while allowing us plenty of code coverage, test efficiency, and the opportunity to still use a framework here or there when the need arises.

The Art Of Architecture

To use a silly analogy, one might think of frameworks and platforms as being like overbearing colleagues who will take over your development process unless you set appropriate boundaries with them. The golden principles of software architecture can give you the general concepts and specific techniques necessary to both create and enforce these boundaries. As we will see in a moment, if you have ever wondered what the benefits of applying software architecture principles in your code truly are, some directly, and many indirectly make your code easier to test.

Separation Of Concerns

Separation Of Concerns is by my estimation the most universally applicable and useful concept in software architecture as a whole (without meaning to say that others should be neglected). Separation of concerns (SOC) can be applied, or completely ignored, across every perspective of software development I am aware of. To briefly summarize the concept, we will look at SOC when applied to classes, but be aware that SOC can be applied to functions through extensive usage of helper functions, and it can be extrapolated to entire modules of an application (“modules” used in the context of Android/Gradle).

If you have spent much time at all researching software architectural patterns for GUI applications, you will likely have come across at least one of: Model-View-Controller (MVC), Model-View-Presenter (MVP), or Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM). Having built applications in every style, I will say upfront that I do not consider any of them to be the single best option for all projects (or even features within a single project). Ironically, the pattern which the Android team presented some years ago as their recommended approach, MVVM, appears to be the least testable in absence of Android specific testing frameworks (assuming you wish to use the Android platform’s ViewModel classes, which I am admittedly a fan of).

In any case, the specifics of these patterns are less important than their generalities. All of these patterns are just different flavours of SOC which emphasize a fundamental separation of three kinds of code which I refer to as: Data, User Interface, Logic.

So, how exactly does separating Data, User Interface, and Logic help you to test your applications? The answer is that by pulling logic out of classes which must deal with platform/framework dependencies into classes which possess little or no platform/framework dependencies, testing becomes easy and framework minimal. To be clear, I am generally talking about classes which must render the user interface, store data in a SQL table, or connect to a remote server. To demonstrate how this works, let us look at a simplified three layer architecture of a hypothetical Android application.

The first class will manage our user interface. To keep things simple, I have used an Activity for this purpose, but I typically opt for Fragments instead as user interface classes. In either case, both classes present similar tight coupling to the Android platform:

public class CalculatorUserInterface extends Activity implements CalculatorContract.IUserInterface {

private TextView display;
private CalculatorContract.IControlLogic controlLogic;
private final String INVALID_MESSAGE = “Invalid Expression.”;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

controlLogic = new DependencyProvider().provideControlLogic(this);

display = findViewById(R.id.textViewDisplay);
Button evaluate = findViewById(R.id.buttonEvaluate);
evaluate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
controlLogic.handleInput(‘=’);
}
});
//..bindings for the rest of the calculator buttons
}

@Override
public void updateDisplay(String displayText) {
display.setText(displayText);
}

@Override
public String getDisplay() {
return display.getText().toString();
}

@Override
public void showError() {
Toast.makeText(this, INVALID_MESSAGE, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}

As you can see, the Activity has two jobs: First, since it is the entry point of a given feature of an Android application, it acts as a sort of container for the other components of the feature. In simple terms, a container can be thought of as a sort of root class which the other components are ultimately tethered to via references (or private member fields in this case). It also inflates, binds references, and adds listeners to the XML layout (the user interface).

Testing Control Logic

Rather than having the Activity possess a reference to a concrete class in the back end, we have it talk to an interface of type CalculatorContract.IControlLogic. We will discuss why this is an interface in the next section. For now, just understand that whatever is on the other side of that interface is supposed to be something like a Presenter or Controller. Since this class will be controlling interactions between the front-end Activity and the back-end Calculator, I have chosen to call it CalculatorControlLogic:

public class CalculatorControlLogic implements CalculatorContract.IControlLogic {

private CalculatorContract.IUserInterface ui;
private CalculatorContract.IComputationLogic comp;

public CalculatorControlLogic(CalculatorContract.IUserInterface ui, CalculatorContract.IComputationLogic comp) {
this.ui = ui;
this.comp = comp;
}

@Override
public void handleInput(char inputChar) {
switch (inputChar){
case ‘=’:
evaluateExpression();
break;
//…handle other input events
}
}
private void evaluateExpression() {
Optional result = comp.computeResult(ui.getDisplay());

if (result.isPresent()) ui.updateDisplay(result.get());
else ui.showError();
}
}

There are many subtle things about the way in which this class is designed that make it easier to test. Firstly, all of its references are either from the Java standard library, or interfaces which are defined within the application. This means that testing this class without any frameworks is an absolute breeze, and it could be done locally on a JVM. Another small but useful tip is that all of the different interactions of this class can be called via a single generic handleInput(…) function. This provides a single entry point to test every behaviour of this class.

Also note that in the evaluateExpression() function, I am returning a class of type Optional<String> from the back end. Normally I would use what functional programmers call an Either Monad, or as I prefer to call it, a Result Wrapper. Whatever stupid name you use, it is an object which is capable of representing multiple different states through a single function call. Optional is a simpler construct which can represent either a null, or some value of the supplied generic type. In any case, since the back end might be given an invalid expression, we want to give the ControlLogicclass some means of determining the result of the backend operation; accounting for both success and failure. In this case, null will represent a failure.

Below is an example test class which has been written using JUnit, and a class which in testing jargon is called a Fake:

public class CalculatorControlLogicTest {

@Test
public void validExpressionTest() {

CalculatorContract.IComputationLogic comp = new FakeComputationLogic();
CalculatorContract.IUserInterface ui = new FakeUserInterface();
CalculatorControlLogic controller = new CalculatorControlLogic(ui, comp);

controller.handleInput(‘=’);

assertTrue(((FakeUserInterface) ui).displayUpdateCalled);
assertTrue(((FakeUserInterface) ui).displayValueFinal.equals(“10.0”));
assertTrue(((FakeComputationLogic) comp).computeResultCalled);

}

@Test
public void invalidExpressionTest() {

CalculatorContract.IComputationLogic comp = new FakeComputationLogic();
((FakeComputationLogic) comp).returnEmpty = true;
CalculatorContract.IUserInterface ui = new FakeUserInterface();
((FakeUserInterface) ui).displayValueInitial = “+7+7”;
CalculatorControlLogic controller = new CalculatorControlLogic(ui, comp);

controller.handleInput(‘=’);

assertTrue(((FakeUserInterface) ui).showErrorCalled);
assertTrue(((FakeComputationLogic) comp).computeResultCalled);

}

private class FakeUserInterface implements CalculatorContract.IUserInterface{
boolean displayUpdateCalled = false;
boolean showErrorCalled = false;
String displayValueInitial = “5+5”;
String displayValueFinal = “”;

@Override
public void updateDisplay(String displayText) {
displayUpdateCalled = true;
displayValueFinal = displayText;
}

@Override
public String getDisplay() {
return displayValueInitial;
}

@Override
public void showError() {
showErrorCalled = true;
}
}

private class FakeComputationLogic implements CalculatorContract.IComputationLogic{
boolean computeResultCalled = false;
boolean returnEmpty = false;

@Override
public Optional computeResult(String expression) {
computeResultCalled = true;
if (returnEmpty) return Optional.empty();
else return Optional.of(“10.0”);
}
}
}

As you can see, not only can this test suite be executed very rapidly, but it did not take very much time at all to write. In any case, we will now look at some more subtle things which made writing this test class very easy.

The Power Of Abstraction And Dependency Inversion

There are two other important concepts which have been applied to CalculatorControlLogic which have made it trivially easy to test. Firstly, if you have ever wondered what the benefits of using Interfaces and Abstract Classes (collectively referred to as abstractions) in Java are, the code above is a direct demonstration. Since the class to be tested references abstractions instead of concrete classes, we were able to create Fake test doubles for the user interface and back end from within our test class. As long as these test doubles implement the appropriate interfaces, CalculatorControlLogiccould not care less that they are not the real thing.

Secondly, CalculatorControlLogichas been given its dependencies via the constructor (yes, that is a form of Dependency Injection), instead of creating its own dependencies. Therefore, it does not need to be re-written when used in a production or testing environment, which is a bonus for efficiency.

Dependency Injection is a form of Inversion Of Control, which is a tricky concept to define in plain language. Whether you use Dependency Injection or a Service Locator Pattern, they both achieve what Martin Fowler (my favourite teacher on such topics) describes as “the principle of separating configuration from use.” This results in classes which are easier to test, and easier to build in isolation from one another.

Testing Computation Logic

Finally, we come to the ComputationLogic class, which is supposed to approximate an IO device such as an adapter to a remote server, or a local database. Since we need neither of those for a simple calculator, it will just be responsible for encapsulating the logic required to validate and evaluate the expressions we give it:

public class CalculatorComputationLogic implements CalculatorContract.IComputationLogic {

private final char ADD = ‘+’;
private final char SUBTRACT = ‘-‘;
private final char MULTIPLY = ‘*’;
private final char DIVIDE = ‘/’;

@Override
public Optional computeResult(String expression) {
if (hasOperator(expression)) return attemptEvaluation(expression);
else return Optional.empty();

}

private Optional attemptEvaluation(String expression) {
String delimiter = getOperator(expression);
Binomial b = buildBinomial(expression, delimiter);
return evaluateBinomial(b);
}

private Optional evaluateBinomial(Binomial b) {
String result;
switch (b.getOperatorChar()) {
case ADD:
result = Double.toString(b.firstTerm + b.secondTerm);
break;
case SUBTRACT:
result = Double.toString(b.firstTerm – b.secondTerm);
break;
case MULTIPLY:
result = Double.toString(b.firstTerm * b.secondTerm);
break;
case DIVIDE:
result = Double.toString(b.firstTerm / b.secondTerm);
break;
default:
return Optional.empty();
}
return Optional.of(result);
}

private Binomial buildBinomial(String expression, String delimiter) {
String[] operands = expression.split(delimiter);
return new Binomial(
delimiter,
Double.parseDouble(operands[0]),
Double.parseDouble(operands[1])
);
}

private String getOperator(String expression) {
for (char c : expression.toCharArray()) {
if (c == ADD || c == SUBTRACT || c == MULTIPLY || c == DIVIDE)
return “\” + c;
}

//default
return “+”;
}

private boolean hasOperator(String expression) {
for (char c : expression.toCharArray()) {
if (c == ADD || c == SUBTRACT || c == MULTIPLY || c == DIVIDE) return true;
}
return false;
}

private class Binomial {
String operator;
double firstTerm;
double secondTerm;

Binomial(String operator, double firstTerm, double secondTerm) {
this.operator = operator;
this.firstTerm = firstTerm;
this.secondTerm = secondTerm;
}

char getOperatorChar(){
return operator.charAt(operator.length() – 1);
}
}

}

There is not too much to say about this class since typically there would be some tight coupling to a particular back-end library which would present similar problems as a class tightly coupled to Android. In a moment we will discuss what to do about such classes, but this one is so easy to test that we may as well have a try:

public class CalculatorComputationLogicTest {

private CalculatorComputationLogic comp = new CalculatorComputationLogic();

@Test
public void additionTest() {
String EXPRESSION = “5+5”;
String ANSWER = “10.0”;

Optional result = comp.computeResult(EXPRESSION);

assertTrue(result.isPresent());
assertEquals(result.get(), ANSWER);
}

@Test
public void subtractTest() {
String EXPRESSION = “5-5”;
String ANSWER = “0.0”;

Optional result = comp.computeResult(EXPRESSION);

assertTrue(result.isPresent());
assertEquals(result.get(), ANSWER);
}

@Test
public void multiplyTest() {
String EXPRESSION = “5*5”;
String ANSWER = “25.0”;

Optional result = comp.computeResult(EXPRESSION);

assertTrue(result.isPresent());
assertEquals(result.get(), ANSWER);
}

@Test
public void divideTest() {
String EXPRESSION = “5/5”;
String ANSWER = “1.0”;

Optional result = comp.computeResult(EXPRESSION);

assertTrue(result.isPresent());
assertEquals(result.get(), ANSWER);
}

@Test
public void invalidTest() {
String EXPRESSION = “Potato”;

Optional result = comp.computeResult(EXPRESSION);

assertTrue(!result.isPresent());
}
}

The easiest classes to test, are those which are simply given some value or object, and are expected to return a result without the necessity of calling some external dependencies. In any case, there comes a point where no matter how much software architecture wizardry you apply, you will still need to worry about classes which cannot be decoupled from platforms and frameworks. Fortunately, there is still a way we can employ software architecture to: At worst make these classes easier to test, and at best, so trivially simple that testing can be done at a glance.

Humble Objects And Passive Views

The above two names refer to a pattern in which an object that must talk to low-level dependencies, is simplified so much that it arguably does not need to be tested. I was first introduced to this pattern via Martin Fowler’s blog on variations of Model-View-Presenter. Later on, through Robert C. Martin’s works, I was introduced to the idea of treating certain classes as Humble Objects, which implies that this pattern does not need to be limited to user interface classes (although I do not mean to say that Fowler ever implied such a limitation).

Whatever you choose to call this pattern, it is delightfully simple to understand, and in some sense I believe it is actually just the result of rigorously applying SOC to your classes. While this pattern applies also to back end classes, we will use our user interface class to demonstrate this principle in action. The separation is very simple: Classes which interact with platform and framework dependencies, do not think for themselves (hence the monikers Humble and Passive). When an event occurs, the only thing they do is forward the details of this event to whatever logic class happens to be listening:

//from CalculatorActivity’s onCreate() function:
evaluate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
controlLogic.handleInput(‘=’);
}
});

The logic class, which should be trivially easy to test, is then responsible for controlling the user interface in a very fine-grained manner. Rather than calling a single generic updateUserInterface(…) function on the user interface class and leaving it to do the work of a bulk update, the user interface (or other such class) will possess small and specific functions which should be easy to name and implement:

//Interface functions of CalculatorActivity:
@Override
public void updateDisplay(String displayText) {
display.setText(displayText);
}

@Override
public String getDisplay() {
return display.getText().toString();
}

@Override
public void showError() {
Toast.makeText(this, INVALID_MESSAGE, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
//…

In principal, these two examples ought to give you enough to understand how to go about implementing this pattern. The object which possesses the logic is loosely coupled, and the object which is tightly coupled to pesky dependencies becomes almost devoid of logic.

Now, at the start of this subsection, I made the statement that these classes become arguably unnecessary to test, and it is important we look at both sides of this argument. In an absolute sense, it is impossible to achieve 100% test coverage by employing this pattern, unless you still write tests for such humble/passive classes. It is also worth noting that my decision to use a Calculator as an example App, means that I cannot escape having a gigantic mass of findViewById(…) calls present in the Activity. Giant masses of repetitive code are a common cause of typing errors, and in the absence of some Android UI testing frameworks, my only recourse for testing would be via deploying the feature to a device and manually testing each interaction. Ouch.

It is at this point that I will humbly say that I do not know if 100% code coverage is absolutely necessary. I do not know many developers who strive for absolute test coverage in production code, and I have never done so myself. One day I might, but I will reserve my opinions on this matter until I have the reference experiences to back them up. In any case, I would argue that applying this pattern will still ultimately make it simpler and easier to test tightly coupled classes; if for no reason other than they become simpler to write.

Another objection to this approach, was raised by a fellow programmer when I described this approach in another context. The objection was that the logic class (whether it be a Controller, Presenter, or even a ViewModel depending on how you use it), becomes a God class.

While I do not agree with that sentiment, I do agree that the end result of applying this pattern is that your Logic classes become larger than if you left more decisions up to your user interface class.

This has never been an issue for me as I treat each feature of my applications as self-contained components, as opposed to having one giant controller for managing multiple user interface screens. In any case, I think this argument holds reasonably true if you fail to apply SOC to your front end or back end components. Therefore, my advice is to apply SOC to your front end and back end components quite rigorously.

Further Considerations

After all of this discussion on applying the principles of software architecture to reduce the necessity of using a wide-array of testing frameworks, improve the testability of classes in general, and a pattern which allows classes to be tested indirectly (at least to some degree), I am not actually here to tell you to stop using your preferred frameworks.

For those curious, I often use a library to generate mock classes for my Unit tests (for Java I prefer Mockito, but these days I mostly write Kotlin and prefer Mockk in that language), and JUnit is a framework which I use quite invariably. Since all of these options are coupled to languages as opposed to the Android platform, I can use them quite interchangeably across mobile and web application development. From time to time (if project requirements demand it), I will even use tools like Robolectric, MockWebServer, and in my five years of studying Android, I did begrudgingly use Espresso once.

My hope is that in reading this article, anyone who has experienced a similar degree of aversion to testing due to paralysis by jargon analysis, will come to see that getting started with testing really can be simple and framework minimal.

Further Reading on SmashingMag:

Sliding In And Out Of Vue.js
Designing And Building A Progressive Web Application Without A Framework
CSS Frameworks Or CSS Grid: What Should I Use For My Project?
Using Google’s Flutter For Truly Cross-Platform Mobile Development

(dm, il)

Original Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/1stwebdesigner/~3/5mPu2dbCXok/

Good news, not so good news, fabulous news, and a bonus.

The global market is getting bigger and bigger. That’s good news.

Clients, meanwhile, are getting more selective and demanding in their drive to share their messages with the world through the use of highly creative websites – that may not be such good news if it means a heavy dose of arduous work for you.

The fabulous news? Be Theme’s size and versatility make it the perfect web design tool for meeting the challenges brought on by the need to design creative, eye-catching websites that will pass muster with the most selective and eagle-eyed client. This is your opportunity to cash in by showing these clients what you can do for them.

The bonus is 5 simple steps to create a website your client will love and a website that converts.

5 Steps to Building Amazingly Creative Websites
Step 1: Choose a Mesmerizing Color Palette

There are 3 simple rules you need to follow when choosing your color palette.

It needs to immediately attract attention;
It needs to be on brand, and;
It needs to be compatible with and supportive of your messages;

Artist’s BOLD color touches immediately attract attention.

This Be Theme pre-built website offers an excellent example of an attractive, eye-catching color palette.

Carbon8, with its shades of green and contrasting colors perfectly aligns the color palette with the brand to produce a visually remarkable website.

The BeInsurance color palette is crisp, yet subtle; just the right combination of factors to reinforce a message and attract more clients.

The BeFestival color palette is a perfect example of an approach you can take to appeal to a larger audience.

Step 2: Display Crystal-Clear Pictures

Presenting crystal clear images should be a no brainer. It’s the best way to let people know precisely what your business offers; as opposed to artsy, somewhat out of focus images that keep them guessing.

Flair and clarity always triumph over mystery and ambiguity when it comes to marketing a product – or a service for that matter.

BeStylist makes excellent use of both flair and clarity in its images. Color schemes are easier to figure out when images are sharp.

See if you can come up with a website design similar to RansomLTD.  This website was built from scratch to display sharp, pixel-perfect digital images.  Check this one out against what’s currently out there.

Or, you can go with a more conventional website like Zajno.

The Design Shop offers a no-nonsense approach to displaying your products with flair, dignity, and creativity. Compelling and crisp would be a good summary description.

Step 3: Show Visitors How Your Creativity Benefits Them

Showing people what’s in it for them is always a powerful marketing tactic, and one way to do that is to help them imagine themselves as being actual customers.

BeMarketing’s video on the homepage shows visitors how they can expect to benefit from using your product.

Lane, on the other hand, expresses a structural design perspective with its example of flexibility and functionality in workplace design.

BeSimple demonstrates the power of a minimalist view; attractive, yet to the point.

If you’re a travel blogger this one’s for you. BeTravelBlogger’s graphics layout makes it a travel blogger’s dream.

Step 4: (Over)Use “White” Space in Even in Creative Websites

“Overusing” white space is actually difficult to do. After all, it’s the #1 visual element found in many, if not most, successful websites. Don’t be hesitant about using it to highlight your creativity.

Makespace has a clean design that makes it oh-so-easy for the eye to focus on what’s most important.

You can accomplish the same with either BeSketch or The Drive New York (or both). White space is used in these two websites to enhance the overall visual experience in addition to highlighting the page’s key elements.

BeIceCream might well be THE most extreme example of effective use of white space. Its use definitely supports the brand while effectively driving the message home.

Step 5: Make Your CTAs Grab Visitors by the Eyeballs

If a CTA button doesn’t command immediate attention, why use one at all? Why not just let the visitor try to figure out what to do next?

Not a good idea. You want big, bold, bright buttons that are impossible to ignore, buttons that compel visitors to click.

Look at BeDrawing. It has a CTA button that clearly stands out. It’s centered nicely right below the sub-headline, where it acts like a welcoming invitation to step forward.

Stuart has the same idea; two CTA buttons, with the main one at the bottom.

Here’s a great example of having the CTA match other elements on the page. Even though BeKids uses blue to match other blue elements, the CTA button still stands out.

Surefire Ways to Build Creative Websites

These 5 surefire tactics will take you a long way in your quest to building eye-catching websites that will convert. You should find the examples helpful in selecting your color combinations, positioning key elements, understanding the power of the generous use (or overuse) of white space, designing and placing CTA buttons that practically demand to be clicked, and of course showing your visitors, through your creativity, how they will benefit.

You’ll find the web’s most comprehensive and visually impressive gallery of fully-functional, professionally-designed creative websites on Be Theme. There are currently more than 450, and counting, pre-built websites to choose from and customize to your needs and to your liking.

Original Source: https://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2019/08/whats-the-best-way-to-share-your-work-online/

Thankfully, you no longer have to rely on a resume to try to communicate how talented you are to others.

Your skills as a freelancer should be shared with others through visual media. It makes a lot more sense than writing up a one page summary that says, “I graduated from so-and-so university in 2010 and worked as a designer for XYZ Agency for three years.” Yes, your history is important, but not as much as what you’re able to do with the knowledge and skills acquired over that time period.

Whether you’re a web designer, graphic designer, web developer, photographer, or another type of digital creative, there’s a lot of value in being able to show off your work online.

However, with all of the different ways there are to share your work and expertise, which channels will guarantee a return? And is that all that should matter when sharing your work online?

The Pros and Cons of Sharing Your Work

While there are dozens of places that make it easy for designers and developers to share their work, as well as other samples they’ve created, many of them won’t be worth your time. It could be because the audience reach isn’t ideal, because they make you pay to share your work, or because it requires too much effort to pitch your idea or work in the first place.

If you want to share your work and get something out of it (which you really should), these are the channels you should focus on:

1. Your Website

First and foremost, your work needs to be published to your website. That’s non-negotiable. However, you should be selective of what you show and how you show it. You should also consider what format you want to share your work and expertise because you have a lot more flexibility with a website.

For example, this is the Work page for Semiqolon:

It’s not just a block of client logos that show off who this agency has worked for nor is it a lifeless case studies page with screenshots of websites they’ve designed. These are in-depth, well-written case studies that show their process and results.

Another place to show off your expertise is your blog:

This is where you take the knowledge you’ve acquired and turn it into actionable references for anyone looking to leverage your expertise. This is less about promoting your work and more about promoting your knowledge.

Pros

You have 100% control over what you share;
There are no distractions from competitors;
Professionally written and designed content provide no-nonsense proof to prospects that you can do what you promise.

Cons

It takes time to create case studies and blog posts;
You have to optimize for search and actively share with others if you want people to see it;
Because writing is a heavy component, what you write needs to be done well.

2. Social Media

You can do a lot of things on social media. However, there’s no universal use case that applies to all social media channels.

For instance, LinkedIn is a good place to share authoritative content and make professional connections. But it’s probably not the best place to share photos of your work.

On the other hand, a platform like Instagram would be perfect for that. Web developer Andriy Haydash (@the_web_expert) has a great example of how to do this:

First, he uses his bio to succinctly explain what he does as a web developer and shows people to his website.

Next, his feed is full of development samples:

The trouble a lot of designers and developers run into is that they merge the personal with the professional. But how many prospective clients are going to want to see you running around the beach with your kids or dog? If you’ve pointed them towards Instagram as a professional reference, then the expectation is that you’ll show your work there.

So, when sharing your samples on social media, choose platforms that are geared towards visuals (e.g. Instagram and Pinterest). Then, make sure you create a channel specifically dedicated to your brand.

Pros

Social media is free and easy to use;
It requires significantly less work to publish samples of your work than other channels do.

Cons

Many people just use social media to make connections. Not to have someone’s work pushed in their face.
You can build a reputation by sharing high-quality content, but no more than 20% of those promotions should be your own on certain platforms.

3. Codepad

Unlike a code-sharing/storage platform like Github which is mainly a place to collaborate, Codepad enables developers to create client-friendly demos. If you’re in the business of designing custom features and functionality, and you don’t mind sharing your code with other developers, this is a good place to do so.

What’s more, you can use Codepad to create extensive collections of demos as Avan C. has done here:

This gives you the chance to show off what you’re good at without having to create extensive case studies for your website. It also allows you to add value to the web development community by sharing code snippets they can use.

Pros

Share your custom-made snippets and demos for other developers to use and repurpose;
Create a collection of demos you can show to clients to demonstrate your vision without having to waste your time building something they don’t understand or want.

Cons

Clients probably aren’t looking for you on Codepad or might be too intimidated to enter a website where developers share code;
You can’t share snippets or demos from client work you’ve done, so this means publishing stuff you’ve created in your spare time (if you have any).

4. Behance

If you’re looking for an external website to show off your portfolio of work, Behance is a fantastic choice.

Just keep in mind that it’s not enough to create high-quality graphics of your project. If you want people to find your work and explore it, you have to properly optimize your project with a description, tools used, and tags.

Here’s an example of a project Navid Fard contributed to:

There’s a lot of engagement with this project: 9,609 views, 1,024 likes, 56 comments.

This aspect of Behance is great for allowing your work to become a source of inspiration for other designers and developers. But there’s another benefit to using Behance:

Personal profiles on Behance show off various projects you’ve contributed to, how much love the Behance community has shown the work, and also provides people with the ability to follow and get in touch.

Pros

Gives you a place to share client work as well as stuff you’ve done on your own, so you can show off a wider, bolder range of content if you want;
Engagement rates are readily available, so you can see how many people viewed your project, liked it, and commented on it;
You have a shareable to send to clients you want to work with or employers you want to work for.

Cons

Need to get client permission before you share their intellectual property here;
Have to do some work to optimize each project in order for people to find it;
Your projects have to compete for attention against similar-looking work.

So, Is It a Good Idea to Share Your Work?

Yes! It’s a great idea to share your work online.

However, it’s important to manage your expectations. The channels above — while great places to share samples — can take awhile to get you in front of a sizable and worthwhile audience. Especially if you’re competing side-by-side against similar looking creations.

You also need to be very careful with copyright and security. Sharing clients’ work online is fine if they’ve given you permission to do so. If you’re sharing work you’ve done in your free time, that’s risky as well, but more so because of the possibility of theft.

But there are pluses and minuses to everything you do in marketing your business. And sharing your work can really help you gain exposure, establish credibility, and more effectively sell your services.

 

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Original Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CreativeBloq/~3/_MUcQqMmbtM/skype-users-desperately-want-its-old-icon-back

It's been a rough week for people who are overly attached to Android and iOS app icons. Not only were youngsters sent into a tailspin when Snapchat updated its icon, but now it's the turn of Skype users to go through the pain of watching their beloved app get a visual update.

That's because Skype has got a new icon on iPhones and iPads. It's part of a larger aesthetic overhaul of Microsoft Office icons, which has been in the works since last year. And while the new icon is arguably more noticeable than the Snapchat update, is this redesign a case of users getting angry over nothing?

Expect to see the new icon shortly

In the redesign we can see that it's inverted the colours of the previous app icon, so now the S is white and the circular background is a blue gradient. The new Skype icon is in line with Microsoft's Fluent Design System and will roll out to all platforms in the next few weeks.

As is often the case with redesigns of familiar products, the new icon has provoked a negative reaction from users. Plenty were quick to point out that the new colour scheme makes the telecommunications application look suspiciously similar to Facebook Messenger. Meanwhile, others noticed that the sizing of the new icon made it appear bloated and overweight, leading to them to consider removing it from their devices altogether – a response Skype probably wasn't going for.

Let's just hope people aren't jumping ship too soon. The updated icon is part of a wider upgrade to the app that sees Microsoft fix some of the bugs that have plagued previous iterations. So while it might take a while to get used to the new icon, at least Skype will work better than before.

In the cut-throat and fickle world of communications apps though, maybe this will be the nail in the coffin for Skype. After all, it's been flagging behind Whatsapp and Facebook Messenger for some time now. Or perhaps new features, such as Microsoft's plan to allow Skype users to make VoIP calls to each other in the start of 2020, will give the app a new lease of life.

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